Plasma lamp with dielectric waveguide

ABSTRACT

A dielectric waveguide integrated plasma lamp is disclosed for powering a small and bright bulb with a diameter of a few millimeters. The lamp is contained within a high dielectric constant material which guides the microwaves to the bulb, provides heat isolation to the drive circuit, contains the microwaves, provides structural stability and ease of manufacturing and allows efficient energy coupling to the bulb when used as a dielectric resonant oscillator.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/771,788 filed on Feb. 4, 2004, entitled “Plasma Lamp With DielectricWaveguide”, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/809,718 filed on Mar. 15, 2001 and issued on May 18, 2004 as U.S.Pat. No. 6,737,809, entitled “Plasma Lamp with Dielectric Waveguide,”which claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No.60/222,028 filed on Jul. 31, 2000, entitled “Plasma Lamp”.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The field of the present invention relates to devices and methods forgenerating light, and more particularly to electrodeless plasma lamps.

2. Background

Electrodeless plasma lamps provide point-like, bright, white lightsources. Because they do not use electrodes, electrodeless plasma lampsoften have longer useful lifetimes than other lamps. Electrodelessplasma lamps in the prior art have certain common features. For examplein U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,755 to Lynch et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,625 toLynch et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,978,891 to Ury et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,021,704 to Walter et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,448,135 to Simpson, U.S.Pat. No. 5,594,303 to Simpson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,242 to Simpson etal., U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,710 to Simpson, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,333 toSimpson, each of which is incorporated herein by reference, the plasmalamps direct microwave energy into an air cavity, with the air cavityenclosing a bulb containing a mixture of substances that can ignite,form a plasma, and emit light.

The plasma lamps described in these patents are intended to providebrighter light sources with longer life and more stable spectrum thanelectrode lamps. However, for many applications, light sources that arebrighter, smaller, less expensive, more reliable, and have long usefullifetimes are desired, but such light sources until now have beenunavailable. Such applications include, for example, streetlights andemergency response vehicles. A need exists therefore, for a very bright,durable light source at low cost.

In the prior art, the air-filled cavity of the electrodeless plasma lampis typically constructed in part by a metal mesh. Metal mesh is usedbecause it contains the microwave energy within the cavity while at thesame time permitting the maximum amount of visible light to escape. Themicrowave energy is typically generated by a magnetron or solid stateelectronics and is guided into the cavity through one or morewaveguides. Once in the air-filled cavity, microwave energy of selectfrequencies resonates, where the actual frequencies that resonate dependupon the shape and size of the cavity. Although there is tolerance inthe frequencies that may be used to power the lamps, in practice, thepower sources are limited to microwave frequencies in the range of 1-10GHz.

Because of the need to establish a resonance condition in the air-filledcavity, the cavity generally may not be smaller than one-half thewavelength of the microwave energy used to power the lamp. Theair-filled cavity and thereby, the plasma lamp itself has a lower limiton its size. However, for many applications, such as for high-resolutionmonitors, bright lamps, and projection TVs, these sizes remainprohibitively large. A need exists therefore for a plasma lamp that isnot constrained to the minimum cavity sizes illustrated by the priorart.

In the prior art, the bulbs are typically positioned at a point in thecavity where the electric field created by the microwave energy is at amaximum. The support structure for the bulb is preferably of a size andcomposition that does not interfere with the resonating microwaves, asany interference with the microwaves reduces the efficiency of the lamp.The bulbs, therefore, are typically made from quartz. Quartz bulbs,however, are prone to failure because the plasma temperature can beseveral thousand degrees centigrade, which can bring the quartz walltemperature to near 1000° C. Furthermore, quartz bulbs are unstable interms of mechanical stability and optical and electrical properties overlong periods. A need exists, therefore, for a light source thatovercomes the above-described issues, but that is also stable in itsspectral characteristics over long periods.

In prior art plasma lamps, the bulb typically contains a noble gascombined with a light emitter, a second element or compound whichtypically comprises sulfur, selenium, a compound containing sulfur orselenium, or any one of a number of metal halides.

Exposing the contents of the bulb to microwave energy of high intensitycauses the noble gas to become a plasma. The free electrons within theplasma excite the light emitter within the bulb. When the light emitterreturns to a lower electron state, radiation is emitted. The spectrum oflight emitted depends upon the characteristics of the light emitterwithin the bulb. Typically, the light emitter is chosen to causeemission of visible light.

Plasma lamps of the type described above frequently require highintensity microwaves to initially ignite the noble gas into plasma.However, over half of the energy used to generate and maintain theplasma is typically lost as heat, making heat dissipation a problem. Hotspots can form on the bulb causing spotting on the bulb and therebyreducing the efficiency of the lamp. Methods have been proposed toreduce the hot spots by rotating the lamp to better distribute theplasma within the lamp and by blowing constant streams of air at thelamp. These solutions, however, add structure to the lamp, therebyincreasing its size and cost. Therefore, a need exists for a plasma lampthat requires less energy to ignite and maintain the plasma, andincludes a minimum amount of additional structure for efficientdissipation of heat.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention generally provides, in one aspect, devices and methods ofproducing bright, spectrally stable light

In accordance with one embodiment as described herein, a device forproducing light comprises an electromagnetic energy source, a waveguidehaving a body formed of a dielectric material, and a bulb. Preferably,the waveguide is connected to the energy source for receivingelectromagnetic energy from the energy source. The waveguide builds andcontains the electromagnetic energy. The bulb, which is coupled to thewaveguide, receives electromagnetic energy from the waveguide. Thereceived electromagnetic energy ignites a gas-fill that forms a plasmaand emits light, preferably in the visible spectral range.

In one preferred embodiment, the bulb is shaped to reflect lightoutwards through its window. The electromagnetic energy source ispreferably a microwave energy source that is efficiently coupled to andpreferably thermally isolated from the waveguide. Furthermore, the outersurface of the waveguide, preferably with the exception of the bulbcavity, is coated with a material to contain the microwave energy withinthe waveguide. The dielectric forming the waveguide preferably has ahigh dielectric constant, a high dielectric strength, and a low losstangent. This permits high power densities within the waveguide. A heatsink preferably is attached to the outer surfaces of the waveguide todissipate heat.

In accordance with a first alternative embodiment, the lamp is operatedin resonant cavity mode. In this mode, the microwave energy directedinto the waveguide has a frequency such that it resonates within thewaveguide. The microwave feed and the bulb are preferably positioned atlocations with respect to the waveguide that correspond to electricfield maxima of the resonant frequency.

In accordance with a second alternative embodiment, the lamp is operatedin a dielectric oscillator mode. In this mode, an energy feedbackmechanism or probe is coupled to the dielectric waveguide at a pointthat in one embodiment corresponds to an energy maximum. The probesenses the electric field amplitude and phase within the waveguide atthe point of coupling. Using the probe signal to provide feedback, thelamp may be continuously operated in resonant cavity mode, even if theresonant frequency changes as the plasma forms in the bulb and/or if thedielectric waveguide undergoes thermal expansion due to the heatgenerated. The probe provides feedback to the microwave source and themicrowave source adjusts its output frequency to dynamically maintain aresonance state.

Further embodiments, variations and enhancements, including combinationsof the above-described embodiments, or features thereof, are alsodescribed herein or depicted in the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a sectional view of a plasma lamp according to apreferred embodiment.

FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate sectional views of alternative embodiments ofa plasma lamp.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate a sectional view of an alternative embodimentof a plasma lamp wherein the bulb is thermally isolated from thedielectric waveguide.

FIGS. 4A-D illustrate different resonant modes within a rectangularprism-shaped waveguide.

FIGS. 5A-C illustrate different resonant modes within using acylindrical prism-shaped cylindrical waveguide.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the apparatus using a feedbackmechanism to provide feedback to the microwave source to maintain aresonant mode of operation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Turning now to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodimentof a dielectric waveguide integrated plasma lamp 101 (DWIPL). The DWIPL101 preferably comprises a source 115 of electromagnetic radiation,preferably microwave radiation, a waveguide 103 having a body formed ofa dielectric material, and a feed 117 coupling the radiation source 115to the waveguide 103. As used herein, the term “waveguide” generallyrefers to any device having a characteristic and purpose of at leastpartially confining electromagnetic energy. The DWIPL 101 furtherincludes a bulb 107, that is preferably disposed on an opposing side ofthe waveguide 103, and contains a gas-fill, preferably comprising anoble gas and a light emitter, which when receiving electromagneticenergy at a specific frequency and intensity forms a plasma and emitslight.

In a preferred embodiment, the microwave radiation source 115 feeds thewaveguide 103 microwave energy via the feed 117. The waveguide containsand guides the microwave energy to a cavity 105 preferably located on anopposing side of the waveguide 103 from the feed 117. Disposed withinthe cavity 105 is the bulb 107 containing the gas-fill. Microwave energyis preferably directed into the enclosed cavity 105, and in turn thebulb 107. This microwave energy generally frees electrons from theirnormal state and thereby transforms the noble gas into a plasma. Thefree electrons of the noble gas excite the light emitter. Thede-excitation of the light emitter results in the emission of light. Aswill become apparent, the different embodiments of DWIPLs disclosedherein offer distinct advantages over the plasma lamps in the prior art,such as an ability to produce brighter and spectrally more stable light,greater energy efficiency, smaller overall lamp sizes, and longer usefullife spans.

The microwave source 115 in FIG. 1 is shown schematically as solid stateelectronics, however, other devices commonly known in the art that canoperate in the 0.5-30 GHz range may also be used as a microwave source,including but not limited to klystrons and magnetrons. The preferredrange for the microwave source is from about 500 MHz to about 10 GHz.

Depending upon the heat sensitivity of the microwave source 115, themicrowave source 115 may be thermally isolated from the bulb 107, whichduring operation preferably reaches temperatures between about 700° C.and about 1000° C. Thermal isolation of the bulb 107 from the source 115provides a benefit of avoiding degradation of the source 115. Additionalthermal isolation of the microwave source 115 may be accomplished by anyone of a number of methods commonly known in the art, including but notlimited to using an insulating material or vacuum gap occupying anoptional space 116 between the source 115 and waveguide 103. If thelatter option is chosen, appropriate microwave feeds are used to couplethe microwave source 115 to the waveguide 103.

In FIG. 1, the feed 117 that transports microwaves from the source 115to the waveguide 103 preferably comprises a coaxial probe. However, anyone of several different types of microwave feeds commonly known in theart may be used, such as microstrip lines or fin line structures.

Due to mechanical and other considerations such as heat, vibration,aging, or shock, when feeding microwave signals into a dielectricmaterial, contact between the feed 117 and the waveguide 103 ispreferably maintained using a positive contact mechanism 121. Thecontact mechanism 121 provides constant pressure between the feed 117and the waveguide 103 to minimize the probability that microwave energywill be reflected back through the feed 117 and not transmitted into thewaveguide 103. In providing constant pressure, the contact mechanism 121compensates for small dimensional changes in the microwave feed 117 andthe waveguide 103 that may occur due to thermal heating or mechanicalshock. The contact mechanism may be a spring loaded device, such as isillustrated in FIG. 1, a bellows type device, or any other devicecommonly known in the art that can sustain a constant pressure forcontinuously and steadily transferring microwave energy.

When coupling the feed 117 to the waveguide 103, intimate contact ispreferably made by depositing a metallic material 123 directly on thewaveguide 103 at its point of contact with the feed 117. The metallicmaterial 123 eliminates gaps that may disturb the coupling and ispreferably comprised of gold, silver, or platinum, although otherconductive materials may also be used. The metallic material 123 may bedeposited using any one of several methods commonly known in the art,such as depositing the metallic material 123 as a liquid and then firingit in an oven to provide a solid contact.

In FIG. 1, the waveguide 103 is preferably the shape of a rectangularprism, however, the waveguide 103 may also have a cylindrical prismshape, a sphere-like shape, or any other shape, including a complex,irregular shape the resonant frequencies of which are preferablydetermined through electromagnetic simulation tools, that canefficiently guide microwave energy from the feed 117 to the bulb 107.The actual dimensions of the waveguide may vary depending upon thefrequency of the microwave energy used and the dielectric constant ofthe body of waveguide 103.

In one preferred embodiment, the waveguide body is approximately 12,500mm³ with a dielectric constant of approximately 9 and operatingfrequency of approximately 2.4 GHz. Waveguide bodies on this scale aresignificantly smaller than the waveguides in the plasma lamps of theprior art. As such, the waveguides in the preferred embodimentsrepresent a significant advance over the prior art because the smallersize allows the waveguide to be used I many applications, wherewaveguide size had previously prohibited such use or made such usewholly impractical. For larger dielectric constants, even smaller sizesfor the waveguides may be achieved. Besides the obvious advantagescreated by a reduction in size, size reduction translates into a higherpower density, lower loss, and thereby, an ease in igniting the lamp.

Regardless of its shape and size, the waveguide 103 preferably has abody comprising a dielectric material which, for example, preferablyexhibits the following properties: (1) a dielectric constant preferablygreater than approximately 2; (2) a loss tangent preferably less thanapproximately 0.01; (3) a thermal shock resistance quantified by afailure temperature of preferably greater than approximately 200° C.;(4) a DC breakdown threshold of preferably greater than approximately200 kilovolts/inch; (5) a coefficient of thermal expansion of preferablyless than approximately 10⁻⁵/° C.;.(6) a zero or slightly negativetemperature coefficient of the dielectric constant; (7) stoichemetricstability over a preferred range of temperature, preferably from about−80° C. to about 1000° C., and (8) a thermal conductivity of preferablyapproximately 2 W/mK (watts per milliKelvin).

Certain ceramics, including alumina, zirconia, titanates, and variantsor combinations of these materials, and silicone oil may satisfy many ofthe above preferences, and may be used because of their electrical andthermo-mechanical properties. In any event, it should be noted that theembodiments presented herein are not limited to a waveguide exhibitingall or even most of the foregoing properties.

In the various embodiments of the waveguide disclosed herein, such as inthe example outlined above, the waveguide preferably provides asubstantial thermal mass, which aids efficient distribution anddissipation of heat and provides thermal isolation between the lamp andthe microwave source.

Alternative embodiments of DWIPLS 200, 220 are depicted in FIGS. 2A-B.In FIG. 2A, a bulb 207 and bulb cavity 205 are provided on one side of awaveguide 203, preferably on a side opposite a feed 209, and morepreferably in the same plane as the feed 209, where the electric fieldof the microwave energy is at a maximum. Where more than one maximum ofthe electric field is provided in the waveguide 203, the bulb 207 andbulb cavity 205 may be positioned at one maximum and the feed 209 atanother maximum. By placing the feed 209 and bulb 207 at a maximum forthe electric field, a maximum amount of energy is respectivelytransferred and intercepted. The bulb cavity 205 is a concave form inthe body of the waveguide 203.

As shown in FIG. 2B, the body of the waveguide 223 optionally protrudesoutwards in a convex form, from the main part of the body of thewaveguide 203 to form the bulb cavity 225. As in FIG. 2A, in FIG. 2B,the bulb 227 is preferably positioned opposite to the feed. 221.However, where more than one electric field maximum is provided in thewaveguide 203, the bulb 207, 227 may be positioned in a plane other thanthe plane of the feed 209, 221.

Returning to FIG. 1, the outer surfaces of the waveguide 103, with theexception of those surfaces forming the bulb cavity 105, are preferablycoated with a thin metallic coating 119 to reflect the microwaves. Theoverall reflectivity of the coating 119 determines the level of energycontained within the waveguide 103. The more energy that can be storedwithin the waveguide 103, the greater the overall efficiency of the lamp101. The coating 119 also preferably suppresses evanescent radiationleakage. In general, the coating 119 preferably significantly eliminatesany stray microwave field.

Microwave leakage from the bulb cavity 105 may be significantlyattenuated by having a cavity 105 that is preferably significantlysmaller than the microwave wavelengths used to operate the lamp 101. Forexample, the length of the diagonal for the window is preferablyconsiderably less than half of the microwave wavelength (in free space)used.

The bulb 107 is disposed within the bulb cavity 105, and preferablycomprises an outer wall 109 and a window 111. In one preferredembodiment, the cavity wall of the body of the waveguide 103 acts as theouter wall of the bulb 107. The components of the bulb 107 preferablyinclude one or more dielectric materials, such as ceramics andsapphires. In one embodiment, the ceramics in the bulb are the same asthe material used in waveguide 103. Dielectric materials are preferredfor the bulb 107 because the bulb 107 is preferably surrounded by thedielectric body of the waveguide 103 and the dielectric materials helpensure efficient coupling of the microwave energy with the gas-fill inthe bulb 107.

The outer wall 109 is preferably coupled to the window 111 using a seal113, thereby defining a bulb envelope 127 which contains the gas-fillcomprising the plasma-forming gas and light emitter. The plasma-forminggas is preferably a noble gas, which enables the formation of a plasma.The light emitter is preferably a vapor formed of any one of a number ofelements or compounds currently known in the art, such as sulfur,selenium, a compound containing sulfur or selenium, or any one of anumber of metal halides, such as indium bromide (InBr₃).

To assist in confining the gas-fill within the bulb 107, the seal 113preferably comprises a hermetic seal. The outer wall 109 preferablycomprises alumina because of its white color, temperature stability, lowporosity, and thermal expansion coefficient. However, other materialsthat generally provide one or more of these properties may be used. Theouter wall 109 is also preferably contoured to reflect a maximum amountof light out of the cavity 105 through the window 111. For instance, theouter wall 109 may have a parabolic contour to reflect light generatedin the bulb 107 out through the window 111. However, other outer wallcontours or configurations that facilitate directing light out throughthe window 111 may be used.

The window 111 preferably comprises sapphire for light transmittance andbecause its thermal expansion coefficient matches well with alumina.Other materials that have a similar light transmittance and thermalexpansion coefficient may be used for the window 111. In an alternativeembodiment, the window 111 may comprise a lens to collect the emittedlight.

As referenced above, during operation, the bulb 107 may reachtemperatures of up to about 1000° C. Under such conditions, thewaveguide 103 in one embodiment acts as a heat sink for the bulb 107. Byreducing the heat load and heat-induced stress upon the variouscomponents of the DWIPL 101, the useful life span of the DWIPL 101 isgenerally increased beyond the life span of typical electrodeless lamps.Effective heat dissipation may be obtained by preferably placingheat-sinking fins 125 around the outer surfaces of the waveguide 103, asdepicted in FIG. 1. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2B, with the cavity225 extending away from the main part of the body of the waveguide 223,the DWIPL 220 may be used advantageously to remove heat more efficientlyby placing fins 222 in closer proximity to the bulb 227.

In another embodiment, the body of the waveguide 103 comprises adielectric, such as a titanate, which is generally not stable at hightemperatures. In this embodiment, the waveguide 103 is preferablyshielded from the heat generated in the bulb 107 by placing a thermalbarrier between the body of the waveguide 103 and the bulb 107. In onealternative embodiment, the outer wall 109 acts as a thermal barrier bycomprising a material with low thermal conductivity such as NZP. Othersuitable material for a thermal barrier may also be used.

FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate an alternative embodiment of a DWIPL 300wherein a vacuum gap acts as a thermal barrier. As shown in FIG. 3A, thebulb 313 of the DWIPL 300 is disposed within a bulb cavity 315 and isseparated from the waveguide 311 by a gap 317, the thickness of whichpreferably varies depending upon the microwave propagationcharacteristics and material strength of the material used for the bodyof the waveguide 311 and the bulb 313. The gap 317 is preferably avacuum, minimizing heat transfer between the bulb 313 and the waveguide311.

FIG. 3B illustrates a magnified view of the bulb 313, bulb cavity 315,and vacuum gap 317 for the DWIPL 300. The boundaries of the vacuum gap317 are formed by the waveguide 311, a bulb support 319, and the bulb313. The bulb support 319 may be sealed to the waveguide 311, thesupport 319 extending over the edges of the bulb cavity 315 andcomprising a material such as alumina that preferably has high thermalconductivity to help dissipate heat from the bulb 313.

Embedded in the support 319 is an access seal 321 for establishing avacuum within the gap 317 when the bulb 313 is in place. The bulb 313 ispreferably supported by and hermetically sealed to the bulb support 319.Once a vacuum is established in the gap 317, heat transfers between thebulb 313 and the waveguide 311 are preferably substantially reduced.

Embodiments of the DWIPLs thus far described preferably operate at amicrowave frequency in the range of 0.5-10 GHz. The operating frequencypreferably excites one or more resonant modes supported by the size andshape of the waveguide, thereby establishing one or more electric fieldmaxima within the waveguide. When used as a resonant cavity, at leastone dimension of the waveguide is preferably an integer number ofhalf-wavelengths long.

FIGS. 4A-C illustrate three alternative embodiments of DWIPLs 410, 420,430 operating in different resonant modes. FIG. 4A illustrates a DWIPL410 operating in a first resonant mode 411 where one axis of arectangular prism-shaped waveguide 417 has a length that is one-half thewavelength of the microwave energy used. FIG. 4B illustrates a DWIPL 420operating in a resonant mode 421 where one axis of a rectangularprism-shaped waveguide 427 has a length that is equal to one wavelengthof the microwave energy used. FIG. 4C illustrates a DWIPL 430 operatingin a resonant mode 431 where one axis of a rectangular prism-shapedwaveguide 437 has a length that is 1½% wavelengths of the microwaveenergy used.

In each of the DWIPLs and corresponding modes depicted in FIGS. 4A-C,and for DWIPLs operating at any higher modes, the bulb cavity 415, 425,435 and the feed(s) 413, 423, 433, 434 are preferably positioned withrespect to the waveguide 417, 427, 437 at locations where the electricfields are at an operational maximum. However, the bulb cavity and thefeed do not necessarily have to lie in the same plane.

FIG. 4C illustrates an additional embodiment of a DWIPL 430 wherein twofeeds 433, 434 are used to supply energy to the waveguide 437. The twofeeds 433, 434 may be coupled to a single microwave source or multiplesources (not shown).

FIG. 4D illustrates another embodiment wherein a single energy feed 443supplies energy into the waveguide 447 having multiple bulb cavities415, 416, each positioned with respect to the waveguide 447 at locationswhere the electric field is at a maximum.

FIGS. 5A-C illustrate DWIPLs 510, 520, 530 having cylindricalprism-shaped waveguides 517, 527, 537. In the embodiments depicted inFIGS. 5A-C, the height of the cylinder is preferably less than itsdiameter, the diameter preferably being close to an integer multiple ofthe lowest order half-wavelength of energy that can resonate within thewaveguide 517, 527, 537. Placing such a dimensional restriction on thecylinder results in the lowest resonant mode being independent of theheight of the cylinder. The diameter of the cylinder thereby dictatesthe fundamental mode of the energy within the waveguide 517, 527, 537.The height of the cylinder can therefore be optimized for otherrequirements such as size and heat dissipation. In FIG. 5A, the feed 513is preferably positioned directly opposite the bulb cavity 515 and thezeroeth order Bessel mode 511 is preferably excited.

Other modes may also be excited within a cylindrical prism-shapedwaveguide.

For example, FIG. 5B illustrates a DWIPL 520 operating in a resonantmode where the cylinder 527 has a diameter that is preferably close toone wavelength of the microwave energy used.

As another example, FIG. 5C illustrates a DWIPL 520 operating in aresonant mode where the cylinder 537 has a diameter that is preferablyclose to ½ wavelengths of the microwave energy used. FIG. 5Cadditionally illustrates an embodiment of a DWIPL 530 whereby two feeds533, 534 are used to supply energy to the cylinder-shaped waveguide 537.As with other embodiments of the DWIPL, in a DWIPL having acylinder-shaped waveguide, the bulb cavity 515, 525, 535 and the feed(s)513, 523, 533, 534 are preferably positioned with respect to thewaveguide 517, 527, 537 at locations where the electric field is at amaximum.

Using a dielectric waveguide has several distinct advantages. First, asdiscussed above, the waveguide may be used to help dissipate the heatgenerated in the bulb. Second, higher power densities may be achievedwithin a dielectric waveguide than are possible in the plasma lamps withair cavities that are currently used in the art. The energy density of adielectric waveguide is greater, depending on the dielectric constant ofthe material used for the waveguide, than the energy density of an aircavity plasma lamp.

Referring back to the DWIPL 101 of FIG. 1, high resonant energy withinthe waveguide 103, corresponding to a high value for Q (where Q is theratio of the operating frequency to the frequency width of theresonance) for the waveguide results in a high evanescent leakage ofmicrowave energy into the bulb cavity 105. High leakage in the bulbcavity 105 leads to the quasi-static breakdown of the noble gas withinthe envelope 127, thus generating the first free electrons. Theoscillating energy of the free electrons scales as |λ², where I is thecirculating intensity of the microwave energy and λ is the wavelength ofthat energy. Therefore, the higher the microwave energy, the greater isthe oscillating energy of the free electrons. By making the oscillatingenergy greater than the ionization potential of the gas,electron-neutral collisions result in efficient build-up of plasmadensity.

Once the plasma is formed in the DWIPL and the incoming power isabsorbed, the waveguide's Q value drops due to the conductivity andabsorption properties of the plasma. The drop in the Q value isgenerally due to a change in the impedance of the waveguide. Afterplasma formation, the presence of the plasma in the cavity makes thebulb cavity absorptive to the resonant energy, thus changing the overallimpedance of the waveguide. This change in impedance is effectively areduction in the overall reflectivity of the waveguide. Therefore, bymatching the reflectivity of the feed close to the reduced reflectivityof the waveguide, a sufficiently high Q value may be obtained even afterthe plasma formation to sustain the plasma. Consequently, a relativelylow net reflection back into the energy source may be realized.

Much of the energy absorbed by the plasma eventually appears as heat,such that the temperature of the lamp may approach 1000° C. When thewaveguide is also used as a heat sink, as previously described, thedimensions of the waveguide may change due to its coefficient of thermalexpansion. Under such circumstances, when the waveguide expands, themicrowave frequency that resonates within the waveguide changes andresonance is lost. In order for resonance to be maintained, thewaveguide preferably has at least one dimension equal to an integermultiple of the half wavelength microwave frequency being generated bythe microwave source.

One preferred embodiment of a DWIPL that compensates for this change indimensions employs a waveguide comprising a dielectric material having atemperature coefficient for the refractive index that is approximatelyequal and opposite in sign to its temperature coefficient for thermalexpansion. Using such a material, a change in dimensions due to thermalheating offsets the change in refractive index, minimizing the potentialthat the resonant mode of the cavity would be interrupted. Suchmaterials include Titanates. A second embodiment that compensates fordimensional changes due to heat comprises physically tapering the wallsof the waveguide in a predetermined manner.

In another preferred embodiment, schematically shown in FIG. 6, a DWIPL610 may be operated in a dielectric resonant oscillator mode. In thismode, first and second microwave feeds 613, 615 are coupled between thedielectric waveguide 611, which may be of any shape previouslydiscussed, and the microwave energy source 617. The energy source 617 ispreferably broadband with a high gain and high power output and capableof driving plasma to emission.

The first feed 613 may generally operate as described above in otherembodiments. The second feed 615 may probe the waveguide 611 to samplethe field (including the amplitude and phase information containedtherein) present and provide its sample as feedback to an input of theenergy source 617 or amplifier. In probing the waveguide 611, the secondfeed 615 also preferably acts to filter out stray frequencies, leavingonly the resonant frequency within the waveguide 611.

In this embodiment, the first feed 613, second feed, 615 and bulb cavity619 are each preferably positioned with respect to the waveguide 611 atlocations where the electric field is at a maximum. Using the secondfeed 615, the energy source 617 amplifies the resonant energy within thewaveguide 611. The source 617 thereby adjusts the frequency of itsoutput to maintain one or more resonant modes in the waveguide 611. Thecomplete configuration thus forms a resonant oscillator. In this manner,automatic compensation may be realized for frequency shifts due toplasma formation and thermal changes in dimension and the dielectricconstant.

The dielectric resonant oscillator mode also enables the DWIPL 610 tohave an immediate re-strike capability after being turned off. Aspreviously discussed, the resonant frequency of the waveguide 611 maychange due to thermal expansion or changes in the dielectric constantcaused by heat generated during operation. When the DWIPL 610 isshutdown, heat is slowly dissipated, causing instantaneous changes inthe resonant frequency of the waveguide 611.

However, as indicated above, in the resonant oscillator mode the energysource 617 automatically compensates for changes in the resonantfrequency of the waveguide 611. Therefore, regardless of the startupcharacteristics of the waveguide 611, and providing that the energysource 617 has the requisite bandwidth, the energy source 617 willautomatically compensate to achieve resonance within the waveguide 611.The energy source immediately provides power to the DWIPL at the optimumplasma-forming frequency.

While embodiments and advantages of this invention have been shown anddescribed, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that manymore modifications are possible without departing from the inventiveconcepts herein. The invention, therefore, is not to be restrictedexcept in the spirit of the appended claims.

1. A plasma lamp comprising: a waveguide body comprising a soliddielectric material, a power source configured to provide power to thewaveguide body at at least one frequency that resonates within thewaveguide body; a bulb positioned proximate the waveguide body, the bulbcontaining a fill to form a plasma that emits light when receiving atleast a portion of the power from the waveguide body, at least a portionof the bulb facing the solid dielectric material of the waveguide body,wherein the portion of the bulb facing the solid dielectric material isspaced apart from the solid dielectric material; and an outer coating onthe waveguide body, the outer coating comprising an electricallyconductive material.
 2. The plasma lamp of claim 1, further comprising afirst feed coupled between the power source and the waveguide body,wherein the power includes at least one resonant maximum and the firstfeed is positioned approximately at a maximum of the at least oneresonant maximum, and the bulb is positioned approximately at a maximumof the at least one resonant maximum.
 3. The plasma lamp of claim 1,wherein the at least one frequency that resonates within the waveguidebody is a fundamental mode of resonance.
 4. The plasma lamp of claim 1,wherein the waveguide body has a length substantially parallel to thecentral axis and a width transverse to the length, wherein the width ofthe waveguide body is greater than the length of the waveguide body. 5.The plasma lamp of claim 4, wherein the central axis is aligned alongthe length of the waveguide body.
 6. The plasma lamp of claim 1, whereinthe outer coating is a metallic coating on an outer surface of thewaveguide body.
 7. The plasma lamp of claim 1, wherein the waveguidebody includes a first coated region provided with the outer coating andat least one second region that is not coated with the outer coating ofelectrically conductive material.
 8. The plasma lamp of claim 7, whereinthe at least one second region includes a region proximate the bulb. 9.The plasma lamp of claim 7, comprising a probe connectable to the powersource and configured to provide the power, wherein the at least onesecond region includes a region proximate the probe.
 10. The plasma lampof claim 1, wherein the waveguide body is configured to provide anelectric field maxima substantially parallel to the central axis. 11.The plasma lamp of claim 1, wherein the waveguide body is configured toprovide an electric field maxima offset from the central axis.
 12. Theplasma lamp of claim 1, comprising a first feed and a second feed bothin contact with the waveguide body.
 13. The plasma lamp of claim 12,wherein the first and second feeds are configured to provide the powerto the waveguide body.
 14. The plasma lamp of claim 13, wherein thefirst and second feeds are probes located symmetrically about a centralaxis of the waveguide body.
 15. The plasma lamp of claim 12, wherein atleast one of the first and second feeds is a probe configured to providefeedback from the waveguide body.
 16. The plasma lamp of claim 1,comprising a probe configured to provide the power to the waveguidebody, the probe offset relative to a central axis of the waveguide body,wherein the bulb is positioned proximate the central axis of thewaveguide body.
 17. The plasma lamp of claim 1, comprising a probeconfigured to provide the power to the waveguide body, the probe beingaligned parallel to a central axis of the waveguide body, wherein thebulb is positioned proximate the central axis of the waveguide body. 18.The plasma lamp of claim 1, wherein the waveguide body is a rectangularbody.
 19. The plasma lamp of claim 1, wherein the waveguide body is aright circular cylindrical body.
 20. A plasma lamp comprising: a lampbody comprising a dielectric material having a dielectric constantgreater than 2; a power source configured to provide power to the lampbody at at least one frequency that resonates within the lamp body; abulb positioned proximate the lamp body, the bulb containing a fill thatforms a plasma to emit light when receiving at least a portion of thepower from the lamp body, the bulb including at least a portion of thebulb facing the dielectric material, wherein the portion of the bulbfacing the dielectric material is spaced apart from solid dielectricmaterial; and an outer coating on the lamp body, the outer coatingcomprising an electrically conductive material.
 21. The plasma lamp ofclaim 20, wherein the lamp body has a length substantially parallel tothe central axis and a width transverse to the length, wherein the widthof the lamp body is greater than the length of the lamp body.
 22. Amethod comprising: providing a lamp body comprising a solid dielectricmaterial, the lamp body including an outer coating comprising anelectrically conductive material; positioning a bulb proximate the lampbody with at least a portion of the bulb facing the solid dielectricmaterial, the bulb containing a fill; spacing the portion of the bulbfrom the solid dielectric material; providing power to the lamp body atat least one frequency that resonates within the lamp body; and forminga plasma in the bulb to emit light.
 23. The method of claim 22, whereinproviding the power to the lamp body comprises coupling power to thelamp body through a feed in contact with the lamp body.
 24. The methodof claim 23, comprising transferring heat from the bulb to the soliddielectric material at a lower rate of heat transfer than a rate of heattransfer that would occur if the portion of the bulb was in directcontact with the solid dielectric material.
 25. The method of claim 23,comprising providing a thermal barrier between the portion of the bulband the solid dielectric material.
 26. The method of claim 25, whereinthe thermal barrier has a lower thermal conductivity than the soliddielectric material.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the portion ofthe bulb facing the solid dielectric material includes an elongate sidewall of the bulb.
 28. The plasma lamp of claim 20, comprising a feedcoupled between the power source and the lamp body and a thermal barrierbetween the portion of the bulb and the dielectric material.
 29. Theplasma lamp of claim 28, wherein the thermal barrier has a lower thermalconductivity than the dielectric material.
 30. The plasma lamp of claim20, comprising a feed coupled to the power source and in contact withthe lamp body, wherein a volume of the bulb is less than a volume of thedielectric material.
 31. The plasma lamp of claim 1, comprising a feedcoupled to the power source and in contact with the waveguide body. 32.The plasma lamp of claim 31, comprising a thermal barrier between theportion of the bulb and the solid dielectric material.
 33. The plasmalamp of claim 32, wherein the thermal barrier comprises a gap betweenthe portion of the bulb and the solid dielectric material.
 34. Theplasma lamp of claim 32, wherein the thermal barrier comprises a vacuumgap between the portion of the bulb and the solid dielectric material.35. The plasma lamp of claim 32, comprising a support for the bulb, thesupport fixing the bulb in position relative to the solid dielectricmaterial, wherein the support has a higher thermal conductivity than thethermal barrier.
 36. The plasma lamp of claim 31, wherein a volume ofthe bulb is less than a volume of the solid dielectric material.
 37. Theplasma lamp of claim 31, wherein the waveguide body consists essentiallyof the solid dielectric body.
 38. The plasma lamp of claim 37, wherein avolume of the bulb is less than a volume of the solid dielectricmaterial and wherein all of the bulb walls are spaced apart from thesolid dielectric material.
 39. The plasma lamp of claim 31, wherein theportion of the bulb facing the solid dielectric material includes a sidewall of the bulb.
 40. The plasma lamp of claim 39, wherein the side wallis elongate.
 41. The plasma lamp of claim 31, wherein the portion of thebulb facing the solid dielectric material includes a bottom wall of thebulb.
 42. The plasma lamp of claim 31, wherein the portion of the bulbfacing the solid dielectric material includes a side wall and a bottomwall of the bulb.
 43. The plasma lamp of claim 31, comprising a supportfor the bulb, the support fixing the bulb in position relative to thesolid dielectric material.
 44. The plasma lamp of claim 31, wherein allof the bulb walls are spaced apart from the solid dielectric material.45. The plasma lamp of claim 44, wherein a volume of the bulb is lessthan a volume of the solid dielectric material.